Coal Consumption in China Based on The Energy Allocation

Question: Describe about the Decomposition of Coal Consumption in China Based on The Energy Allocation ? Answer: Introduction The operation strategy of any organizations usually differs from other organization. Organizations highly invest their time in building strategy for the purpose of earning better market growth, customer base and better productivity from their operation. Therefore, the current assignment will be discussing operation strategy of three different organizations, Apple, IBM and Samsung. Moreover, general model has been discussed and comparison of 4 typologies between firms has also been made. Apart from that, stage model is mentioned along with 4vs and polar diagram in the report. Comparison of operation strategy of Apple, IBM and Samsung: Operation strategy of a company can be defined as plan for using its production resources in meeting the overall goal of the organization. The strategy of Apple is to provide a sleek design in their products like computer. Apple has implemented an outsourcing strategy in manufacturing the products and produces a huge volume of product in order to get a negotiation edge with the suppliers and logistic agencies (Totla et al. 2015). On the other hand strategy of IBM can be expressed as capabilities of management consulting in order to enable the clients client success through providing a high degree in delivering the products (Vlasov, 2015). IBM creates an innovative strategy for increasing the competitiveness of their company. This strategy helps them to spark the centricity. They use harnessing technology and provide special solution to the big data application by Vertica. Riverbed is designed for delivering application. Samsung is considered to be the largest in the digital media of the world. Samsung maintains a strategy for providing high quality product and gadgets to the customers (Milenkovi, 2015). Comparison of general model of operation management: The success of Apple is due to innovative approach in the supply chain management. Apple manages its operation through launching huge product line in order to reduce cost (Nomakuchi and Yanata, 2015). It has been invented by the Apple to create a laser beam in order to cut perfect whole within the aluminum that helped them to save money and get control over the supply of the products. The diagrams of operation management of Apple, IBM and Samsung are shown in the following: On the other hand operation management of IBM enables the professional of business to manage and automate the rules and operational decisions impacting the performance of the business. The operation management of IBM helps the business professionals to shift the context of business in real time to increase the performance of their business. Samsung produces all the electronics products that one person can think of (Hansen and Trego, 2015). Samsung maintains an innovative designing style in their operation. They have different design centers in different countries like London, Shanghai, San Francisco, Milan etc. Comparison of 4 typologies of Apple, IBM and Samsung: The comparisons of 4 typologies of the 3 companies are shown below: Market characteristics as well as target companies: Apple has a detail understanding of the demography of their target market. Generally the Apple Company has targeted the rich customers of the world. Apple has a positive cash flow of 39.51B in the latest year. The company has a balance between the cash inflow and cash outflow. According to the survey of 2014 Apple has a cash of 59.71B that show that this company has increased its revenue by 11.27% (refer to appendix 1). Apple has produced $46.46 billion cash flow at the ending of June 2014. IBM delivers accurate insight in the risk for the banking sectors (Grigorieva and Khailov, 2015). Cash flow of IBM grew to 5.78B means that it is quite able to meet the expenditure. It also shows the changes in stock process and market share of IBM (refer to appendix 2). This company used to spent 2.57B of financial activities that are used for repayment of dividend and interest paid. On the other hand increasing power of consumers in turn increases the revenue of Samsung Company. The Main factors of growth in the market of Samsung are due to LCD and LED TV. Mobiles with high quality operating technology are also the factors of market growth. According to the company survey of 2012 the Samsung is gaining an increase in the cash flow and market share (refer to appendix 3). Typical operation: This option of typologies shows the stakeholders condition of the organization. The stakeholder of apple is defined by the lenders, employees, customers and software developers. The company has employed over 75000 people worldwide. The company has almost 166 million customers. The major Stakeholders of IBM are the users of who use the database managements system provided by this company (Shadfar and Vafadar, 2014). On the other hand Samsung has classified their stakeholder based on the impact. They have classified their stakeholders into six groups like Customers, communities, partner of business, media, employees, shareholders, and government. Typical investment period: The Apple Company has an investment period of 3 or 4 years. On the other hand IBM has an investment period of 4-5 years and Samsung has an investment period of 3-4 years. Reason of operation to the seller: The Apple Company is running its business in order to provide high technology in the electronic things. On the other hand IBM is running is business in order to provide Software database management support to the customers. Samsung is running its business in order to provide user friendly operating system in their electronic products with an affordable price (Fazlollahi et al. 2015). Comparison of 4vs of Apple, IBM and Samsung: Volume dimension: Apple provides standard operating system in their electronic product. It defines the status of Apples products. On the other hand IBM is a unique Organization in providing software support to the user of software. Samsung is an organization that provides user friendly and cost effective electronic products to the customers. Variety dimension: Variety dimension defines the contrast between the products provided the company (Shneiderman and Plaisant, 2015). Apple provides the operating system Mac for their laptops and iOS operating system for their mobile phones. IBM provides various database management softwares for their software users. They also provide various cloud software. Samsung on the other hand uses user friendly android software with affordable price. Variation dimension: Apple provides customized electronic products for expensive customers. IBM provides customized software solution to the software users. On the other hand Samsung provides customized operating system in their electronic products for their customers. Visibility dimension: Visibility dimension of Apple defines the ability of the customer for tracking the experience by the process of operation. The XML is a customized event that helps the customer to monitor the process of IBM in a global basis. The easy process of operating system helps the customer to track the business process of Samsung. Figure 3: 4v of Samsung Comparison of four stage model of operation contribution: Four stage models define the way of translating the barrier of a company to the most effective strategy. Internal neutrality: Apple uses very expensive operating system in their electronic products that are not affordable to all kind of customers. The IBM produce only software related product that prevent them to increase the market share. On the other hand Samsung has a lack of variety in the design of their electronic product (Deeswasmongkol and Sachakamol, 2015). External neutrality: Apple should use such software that is user friendly and affordable to all kinds of customers. IBM should use strategy for implementing new type of business plan out of software. Samsung should use variety in the design of their products. Internally supportive: Apple should adopt the strategy for making lost cost products in order to capture all kinds of customers. IBM should adopt the strategy of differentiation in order to increase the market share. Samsung should adopt the strategy of creating the variety in the design of their products to attract variety of customers. Externally supportive: Using cost effective operating system will help the Apple to be the leader in the electronic product company. Differentiation helps the IBM to increase the market share of the company (Chong et al., 2015). Making variety of design in the electronic products will help Samsung in getting the attraction of customers. Following is the diagram 4 stage model of operation contribution: Comparison of Polar diagrams of Apple, IBM and Samsung: Figure 5: Polar Diagram Cost: The cost of Apple is comparably high among the three companies. IBM and Samsung have a reasonable cost for their products. Due to the high cost of apple product all kinds of customers can not afford the products of apple. Speed: Samsung provides high speed in delivering their products to their customers in comparison to other two companies. IBM is also good in delivering products to their customers (Hofmann, 2015). Dependability: IBM depends on other company for their business. They have adopted outsourcing plan in their business (Hope, 2014). Apple depends on the status of the customers to whom they provide products. Flexibility: The products of Samsung are more flexible in using. Mac or iOS software of Apple is a little much complex in using. Quality: The product of Apple is of very high quality in comparison to two other products. Samsung products are user friendly. IBM uses standard database system in their products. Conclusion From the overall study, it can be concluded that operation of all the three firms have been productive as per their strategies undertaken. All the companies, IBM, Apple and Samsung have different operation system. They are different in terms of market share, profitability and customer base. Therefore, the firms are highly focusing on their operation management that helps them to generate and quality output. On the other hand, the firms are segmented based on cost, quality, etc which helped in making comparison among them. Reference List Chong, C., Ma, L., Li, Z., Ni, W. and Song, S. (2015). Logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) Decomposition Of Coal Consumption In China Based On The Energy Allocation diagram of coal flows.Energy, 85, pp.366-378. Deeswasmongkol, K. and Sachakamol, P. (2015). Operation Risk Management of Planning and Piping Design in a Large Petrochemical Plant Project.International Journal of Synergy and Research, 3, p.45. Fazlollahi, S., Schler, N. and Marchal, F. (2015). A solid thermal storage model for the optimization of buildings operation strategy.Energy. Grigorieva, E. and Khailov, E. (2015). Optimal ProductionSales Strategies for a company at changing market price.RMTA, 22(1), p.89. Hansen, M. and Trego, G. (2015). SEC claws back bonuses and stock sale profits from CFOs of public company charged with accounting fraud.Journal of Investment Compliance, 16(2), pp.38-40. Hofmann, E. (2015). Big data and supply chain decisions: the impact of volume, variety and velocity properties on the bullwhip effect.International Journal of Production Research, pp.1-19. Hope, J. (2014). Build a sense of community for an effective SEM operation.Enrollment Management Report, 18(10), pp.12-12. Kolst, P. (2015). John Armstrong: typologies and grand narratives.Nations and Nationalism, 21(1), pp.177-181. Milenkovi, N. (2015). Market Multiples Adjustments for Differences in Risk Profile An Airline Company example.IJTTE, 5(1), pp.17-28. Nimeri, A. (2015). Laparoscopic Roux En Y Gastric Bypass: A Good Operation Losing Ground.Advances in Obesity, Weight Management Control, 2(1). Nomakuchi, T. and Yanata, S. (2015). A Study of the Strategy and Operation of Japanese Agriculture Cloud Computing.Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 04(02), pp.8-14. Shabanpour-Haghighi, A. and Seifi, A. (2015). Multi-objective operation management of a multi-carrier energy system.Energy. Shadfar, S. and Vafadar, A. (2014). Crafting Strategy for Butane Run Intl Transport and Logistics Company by Practicing SORF Analysis Model.BMS, 5(1), p.45. Shneiderman, B. and Plaisant, C. (2015). Sharpening Analytic Focus to Cope with Big Data Volume and Variety.IEEE Comput. Grap. Appl., 35(3), pp.10-14. Totla, P., Saini, S., Bhele, A. and Jupally, V. (2015). Compliance Driven Cost Control for Telecom Infrastructure Operation Management.Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(S4), p.259. Vlasov, A. (2015). Implementation of the system of financial support of investment projects in the holding managing company.kon. prom., (1), p.82.

Art School Application Essay Sample

Art School Application Essay SampleIn this article, we're going to talk about an art school application essay sample that you can use to compose an effective essay. This is really a great place to get some ideas, and there are several different forms that you can use in this one. You can use it for your essay, as a full-length student, or even just as a student practice paper.First of all, you can always read the sample form up online, which will help you see how different types of essay can be used. The most common uses of this form are by students, where they go over the questions that they have for the school and look at them from several different angles, and then they write an essay based on those questions. You can also use this form if you are a teacher or professor looking to use a full essay for a class, but with the art school application form, you can use it to organize your thoughts and ideas into one cohesive piece of writing.This type of essay basically involves five or six basic structure questions that you should answer for your prospective institution. You can write a short essay, or you can take a longer, more involved approach to getting your idea across. If you are really interested in getting a good essay, this is a great time to use this form to bring up a few things that you may not have thought of, or maybe you want to bring up some other things.Once you've decided to use these essay samples, make sure that you do make them brief. Try to remember what you used to do in high school, so that you can use those principles and apply them to college. You don't want to overdo it, and you can easily get bogged down in too much detail.An art school application essay sample really helps you clarify your thoughts, and it can be a lot of fun to write these kinds of essays. They are usually short, and they use lots of good points that you can bring up. They'll help you to think about specific aspects of the school you are applying to, and then you ca n begin thinking about how you will actually make an impression on the school.An art school application essay sample can also help you determine how to organize your thoughts and turn them into a cohesive essay. You can use some of the questions you will likely ask to give you an idea of how to organize your thoughts. There are also several different structures that you can use to try to organize your thoughts, such as using the first paragraph to start, the middle part to answer the first question, and then ending the whole thing with your conclusion.So that's just a brief overview of what an art school application essay sample is, but there are many different ways that you can use these for your art school application essay. Use them to build your ideas, or organize your thoughts and concepts. There are no rules about how to do it, but you should make sure that you have the best essay possible.

Rakesh Soni

Priorities before Soni Rakesh Soni is a chief compliance officer (CCO) to the Indian information technology (IT) company appointed in July 2009. This company is managed by a board of six members assigned by the federal government as caretakers the same year. Soni was allocated the responsibility of controlling the corporate governance of Mahindra Satyam Limited. This was implemented to enable the company’s progress without increasing the workload from the preceding year 2008 (Pradipta Mukherjee).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rakesh Soni specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the chief compliance officer, Soni was to come up with a new outline on code of ethics and instill principles of corporate governance at Mahindra Satyam Limited, which was formerly recognized as Satyam Computer Services Limited. Soni was supposed to report his ideas to the vice chairman of Mahindra Satyam named Vineet Nayyar. Soni also served as the company’s chief operating officer with the profit center. He was accountable for business verticals, which he reported to C. P. Gumani who was chief executive officer (CEO) at Mahindra Satyam Limited. In a bid to carry out this responsibility effectively, he solicited assistance from Sucharita Palepu. Palepu was the head of talent management in Human Resources (HR) at Mahindra Satyam. Managerial Issue before Soni Soni was to ensure that there would be no additional violation, overt or covert of corporate governance standards. Mahindra and Mahindra Company had outlined these standards as follows; introduction of strong cooperate best practices, review of key processes, and implementation of suggestions from forensic accounting/investigating authorities. Soni was responsible for ensuring that everyone worked with integrity, which was greatly backed by Mahindra’s reputation. However, information available to the independent directors was limited. Soni had t o make a decision on substitution of Satyam since it was tainted as an individual brand. It was important to give the brand a lower profile among the stakeholders even though it was the dominant source of value creation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, this brand recorded higher revenues, larger number of employees, and higher economies of scale than Tech-Mahindra. In addition, it was more recognized in the global technology industry than Tech-Mahindra. On the other hand, Tech-Mahindra was offering an opportunity to force entry into the market. In addition, Soni faced the managerial issues of integration among people who were the motivating forces in the IT industry. Signals Indicating that Independent Directors Missed at Satyam As per the suggested code of conduct, the directors were to represent the interests of shareholders and consult them when making important decisions such as in acquisitions. However, the chairman of the board of directors (Raju) approved the purchase of 100% stake in Maytas Properties and 51% in Maytas Infrastructure (Maytas Infra) on an investment of $1.3 billion and $0.3 billion respectively. These infrastructure companies were controlled by Raju’s sons. Maytas Properties established in 2005 was involved in the development of such urban space infrastructure as integrated townships and special economic zones. On the other hand, Maytas Infra was involved in building highways, metros and ports (Bartlett and Beamish 67).The directors were expected to demonstrate high standards of integrity, devotion, independence of thought, and judgment. In this light, the described approval and purchase were out of context. The chairman and managing director of Mahindra and Mahindra Company made a commentary that, â€Å"it is not as though we did not have a plan to go in. It was not as though once we won the bid; we scratched o ur heads and said, â€Å"Okay†, what do we do next?† When we took over the company, we had a road map of what to do from day one. We were like commandos hitting the ground with a battle plan. The key message was: the past is, by definition, gone, so let’s pick up the pieces, the good ones, and start running† (Taneja 44). This shows explicitly that due care was not considered. Another code of ethics was that all directors had to dedicate adequate time, energy, and attention to ensure diligent performance of his/her duties inclusive of making all reasonable efforts to attend board or committee meetings. In the standing issues of the company against its accounts’ books, it was overstated leading to false and unfair view of the shareholders and the public in general.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rakesh Soni specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The directors claimed to have no previous knowledge, which was a clear expression of neglecting responsibility. In summary, the directors were required to comply with every provision of this code. However, they had gone against this code in a precise and explicit manner. Personal Idea on Role of Auditors In my opinion, the roles of auditors are as indicated in the following list. Scrutinizing the financial statements and the announcements of a company in order to examine whether they are the true and fair representation of the business. Assessing internal financial controls and risk management system within the company. Scrutinizing and examining internal auditing operations. Endorsing external auditors’ appointments and replacements, and analyzing their work efficiency Fostering and instigating guidelines on the use of auditors for non-audit services (Leung, Barry and Robertson 43). Works Cited Bartlett, Christopher and Paul Beamish. Transnational management: text, cases, and readings in cross-border management. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011. Print. Leung, Philomena, Barry J. Cooper and Peter Robertson. The role of internal audit in corporate governance management. Melbourne: RMIT Publishing, 2003. Print. Taneja, Nawal. Looking beyond the runway airlines innovating with best practices while facing realities. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Co., 20102009. Print. This essay on Rakesh Soni was written and submitted by user Aubrey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The raise of Taxes at the United States

The raise of Taxes at the United States Abstract This essay will look at the effect of a change in tax rate in an economy. Based on the current economic and financial crisis relationships with be established on taxation with work incentives, labor productivity, investment decisions, budget and the rich so as to make informed opinion.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The raise of Taxes at the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When an economy is facing a crisis, it adjusts its tax system as policy to rectify the deficit in the economy. For instance, United States has been hardly hit by the economic crisis and is contemplating on increasing taxes for the rich. The change in taxation has both positive and negative effects. Introduction The current economic and financial crisis has adversely affected all the countries in the world. Those that have been hard hit by the crisis include the United States of America and European countries. Other countries, especially developing countries are suffering from the spill over effects. In United States, the effects of this crisis have been evident in various sectors of the economy. The country has been hit by high rates of employment with nearly ten million people registering for the unemployment benefits. The number of people registering in job search centers has increased, with fresh graduates taking the highest percentage. The economy has failed to create new jobs, with jobs lay off mounting by the day. Most industries are streaming their workforce since they cannot adequately meet their needs, such as paying salaries and other benefits. The situation has rendered a high percent of the populace jobless, with most of them having difficulties in paying their bills. Those who are unable to meet their bills have resorted to pegging in streets so at least to get something to sustain them. The suffering of most Americans has not gone unnoticed, with the President Barack Obama const antly giving an account of government progress on how the crisis is being handled. The most recent announcement by the President is an increase in the rate of tax for the rich. The tax raise among the rich will lead to an increase in national revenue that can then be used to create jobs at national levels. This move has elicited controversy, with some supporting while others attack the move as inappropriate. It is like taking from those who are rich and distributing it to those who are poor. Despite raising taxes for the rich, taxes for foreign people should be lowered. Discussion Taxation is a fiscal policy tool that government can use in order to have a balanced fiscal budget. The government to attain certain objectives like full employment, price stability and economic growth normally uses fiscal policy. Other policy tools that can be used include printing of money, sell of fixed assets, internal or external borrowing as well as consumption of fiscal reserves.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a government is facing huge deficits, tax revenue can be raised by increasing the tax rates. Taxation is a tool that can be used to rescue an economy facing difficult times. Proper design of a tax policy can be a panacea to the prevailing economic hard times such as unemployment. United State has sought to follow Germany’s way to rescue its economic from adverse effects of its current debt position. Economist asserts that the only way in which an economy can reverse a crisis is using an expansionary fiscal policy. This will solve the issue of fiscal budget imbalance, unemployment and ‘crowding out’ effect. Conversely, high taxes will look out private companies from investing in the country because of the cost of production which will translates to higher commodity prices. It will be hard for businesses to carry out bus iness in countries with high tax rates. This is because it will render most establishments less competitive in the global market. To encourage foreign investment tax rates should be reduced for them and sometimes coupled with tax havens, allowances and subsidies, this will encourage them to take up their new investment in the economy (Kivel, 2002). Taxation and work incentives When there is an increase in the rate of income tax, the effect will be that the post-tax income of individuals will reduce. This is because the net income resulting from each hour of work will be lower. The move might encourage workers to increase their number of working hours to meet their target income. On the other hand, an increase in tax might be used as a disincentive to promote less work. The government normally sets a lower income tax rate for low-income employees. This will act as an incentive for workers to do their job for long hours and earn more money. Low taxes on low-income earners serve as a t ool of reducing ‘poverty trap’ risks where individuals will get high net financial benefits from their work. When tax reforms are favorable, it leads to an increase in supply of labor thus a reduction in unemployment equilibrium rate hence, the growth rate will increase. Taxation and the pattern of demand Demand patterns for goods and services vary as indirect taxes are changed. When value added taxes (VAT) on commodities such as alcohol and cigarettes increase, it is aimed at causing a low consumption among consumers or a substitution effect. The result will be a low demand for such commodities. Indirect taxation can be applicable where there is a total market failure, as well as when the government wants to ensure equitable distribution of resources such as health care.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The raise of Taxes at the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taxation and invest ment decisions When the rates of business taxes and corporate tax are low, this can stimulate a business to increase its spending in fixed capital investment. An increase in investment will mean that the capital stock of a nation has increased thus an increase in capital stock of every worker employed (Mankiw, 2011). Government can use incentives such as tax allowances to boost research and development and in encouraging new business developments. A tax regime that is favorable will attract increased inflow of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). This will be a stimulus that will benefit an economy’s aggregate supply and aggregate demand. Low rates of corporation tax will attract huge amounts of private investment. Tax changes act as a stimulus of investment in capital assets, social infrastructure, and labor force skills as well as in technology. A good tax system will ensure an improvement in infrastructure, which is essential for economic growth through increased production an d competitiveness. Government spending can be terms of development of an education system that is skills oriented and technology focused. This will ensure a steady long-term supply of human resources (Dye, 2011). Company’s risk attitude and corporate income tax are the main factors that are considered by an organization before making an investment decisions, this is because this factors can affect the rate of return on investment. Amount of corporate tax to be paid is an important factor that is taken into consideration before making a financial investment decision. This is because low taxes will mean lower prices for goods and higher revenue generated. The Rich Should Pay More For equal sacrifice and fairness among citizens, those individuals who benefited from favorable economic times such as boom, rescue packages among others should find it necessary to shoulder the costs that arise from a crisis. There willingness will save the economy from suffering the worst effects of a crisis that a time may spill over to drain resources of the rich. This argument looks at increasing government revenue through an increase in income as well as an increase in capital gains tax. This was illustrated by Germany’s case after the World War II where legislation was passed which mandated financial compensation to gather for loses that arises during the war. This lead to a creation of tax on property and capital, this law was applicable to individuals who still possess substantial assets after the war. The law required them to pay half of their asset worth to a compensation fund over a period of thirty years. In case of United States, an increase in tax has no chance any time soon. The reason being the required budget consolidation should occur on the expenditure part. This will imply a reduction in government expenditure and this will have adverse effects on the economy. On the other hand, an increase in income tax disproportionately has an effect on higher earne rs. The impact of high tax on the rich is minimal because large proportions of their income go to savings while minimal amounts are spent (Blinder Baumol, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More United States cannot undertake spending cuts since it will adversely affect their growth. This is because the economy is spending less on infrastructure, education and social transfers. For other countries that are facing similar crisis, an increase in government revenue will serve the country better. Therefore, if Americans refuse to contribute more to their economy through tax, they will suffer from a middling economy. Conclusion Taxation as an expansionary fiscal policy is applicable when an economy is facing difficult economic times, where the government spending exceeds its revenue significantly. The current financial and economic crisis has led to increase of tax rates to generate more revenue. The revenue generated is ploughed back to the economy to offset the high standing levels of debts. Increased tax will hurt the economy in terms of reducing the disposable income of consumer and investment income for companies. Individuals will be left with insufficient money to spend he nce a decline in aggregate demand. The rich should make a greater sacrifice to shoulder the costs that have accrued due to a crisis as the low-income earners still pay their tax at the usual lower rates. Poor economic standing of an economy will imply that sectors such as education, health care, communication, physical infrastructure among others will suffer, yet they are the main drivers of economic growth. A good tax system should be developed to realize economic progress. Good taxation we stimulate accumulation of capital stock in the economy in terms of new industries being set up and new technology adopted. This will ensure that the rate of unemployment reduces with a significant margin. Increase the tax rates for the rich will increase the revenue base of a country with the money generated channeled towards job creation in the economy. An economy in a crisis should receive compensation from those who benefited from it during good times such as times of rescue package, social t ransfers and boom. The wealthier should make huge sacrifices in terms of tax payment even though the burden may be overwhelming. A good tax system should act as a magnet for attracting foreign investors through the provision of tax haven for newly established industries. This will encourage foreign investors in the country; hence help in solving the problem of unemployment. References Blinder, A. S., Baumol, W. J. (2011). Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy. New York: Cengage Learning. Dye, T. R. (2011). Understanding Public Policies (13th ed.). Boston: MA Pearson. Kivel, P. (2002). Uprooting racism: how white people can work for racial justice. New York: New Society Publishers. Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principles of Economics. New York: Cengage Learning.

Division of Labor and Gender Roles in the Society Essay

Division of Labor and Gender Roles in the Society - Essay Example This essay declares that culture refers to a way of life of society. It entails the society's behaviors, beliefs, values and symbols the society accepts to govern itself. Men have the tendency to conform to the views of society and how they are expected to deliver their roles. With women's nurturing nature more so towards children, there begins a close relationship with them. This in the view of men is sensitive and fragile, making them feel stronger and dedicate themselves to technical activities.This paper highlights that  child care and homemaking are part of the works considered to be for women. This makes them closer to home than men as they have to care for people in the homestead. Men take public jobs to be away from home. This makes them more respected as providers than women who are rarely seen in the society. The third theory describes the division of labor with respect to the objective relationship and the family life of people. At the age of three children tend to know themselves hence the task of becoming comfortable, aware and responsible for your gender and its roles and. They begin to find ways of being emotionally secure with who you are and hence be happy. Women's nature to nurture begins to develop in girls, and they slowly progress and assume the role fully.  For the little boys, they love their mothers' way of care learns soon that they cannot grow up to be like them but to be like their fathers.

Children if convicted of a capital crime, should be given the death Essay

Children if convicted of a capital crime, should be given the death penalty - Essay Example Historically, only 2 percent of capital punishment was juvenile execution since a large number of capital punishment imposed on children was either reversed or commuted. Often public opinion is considered, but â€Å"it is critical to distinguish between judging what is cruel and unusual punishment and what should become policy for such issues as capital punishment† (Kalbeitzer & Goldstein, 174). This paper focuses on different perspectives regarding this sensitive issue. Unlike many developed countries, United States is still embracing capital punishment for serious offenders. One major objective of juvenile criminal system â€Å"is to hold juvenile offenders accountable for delinquent acts while providing treatment, rehabilitative services, and programs designed to prevent future involvement in law-violating behavior† (Cothern, 1). The juvenile court was established in Chicago in 1889 in order to protect the juvenile offenders from receiving rough treatment in the criminal justice system. The juvenile court accepted that adults and children have different developmental capacities; therefore it advocated rehabilitation as alternative for capital punishment in case of children. However due to the growing number of young people getting involved in criminal activities in the turn of this century, the juvenile justice system has become more prone towards more rigid policies and stricter punishments. It now happens that children below the age of 1 8 who have committed capital crimes are subjected to the ultimate form of punishment like the death penalty or life imprisonment without parole. Supporters of juvenile death penalty see it as a way to deter other young people from committing similar kinds of crimes, and a way to maintain public safety (Cothern, 1-2). As of 2000, more than two-third of all independent states advocate death penalty. In 1999, 30 offenders were executed other than 3,500 others who were on death row. Even

Environment Essay: The evolution of the linkage between the environment and human rights

Environment Essay: The evolution of the linkage between the environment and human rights The United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, declared that: mans environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rightseven the right to life itself. Today, the relationship between the environment and human rights has long been recognised and has evolved in many ways. This essay will attempt to analyse the connection between the environment and human rights. Because of limitations on length, it will broadly place human rights within the framework of a holistic view of development (i.e., one that lends importance to more that simply economic development). It will also discuss their relationship within the discourse of Sustainable Development, a principal concept linking the environment and human rights. The UN Conference on the Human Environment was held at a time when development discourse was dominated by theories of dependency, world systems, and modes of production. The Stockholm conference importantly acknowledged that environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, and in that capacity established not just the importance of sustaining the environment because it provides for life and basic human rights, but also the importance of sustaining basic human rights in an attempt to defend the environment. Though the need to protect the environment had long been recognised, this conference paved the way for the environment and development to be discussed as a single issue something that did not occur until the Brundtland Report in 1987. The Brundtland Report launched the term Sustainable Development (SD), or development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs (WCED, 1987: 43). Although it is often regarded as a dangerously slippery concept (The Economist, 2002) the common characteristic of most definitions of the term is the emphasis on equity both across and within generations. Barrow (1995: 17) identifies ten themes that characterise conventional SD: maintenance of ecological integrity; integration of environmental care and development; adoption of an international stance; satisfaction of basic human needs for all; stress for normative planning; stress on application of science to development problems; acceptance of some economic growth; attaching a proper value to the natural and cultural environment; the adoption of a long-term view of development; and, again a call for inter- as well as intra- generational equality SD has introduced and affirmed many new concepts into the development arena including, but not limited to, a rights-based approach to development and the importance of the environment. The environment played a central role in the Brundtland Report, and it was subsequently attacked for being eco-centric. The Brundtland Report was followed up by the UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Though the Rio conference set in motion a trend towards human (rather than environmental) rights, it still held the environment in the limelight. Moreover, rights to information, participation and remedies in respect to environmental conditions formed the focus of the Rio declaration (Shelton, 2002: 2), thus accentuating the importance of human rights in environmental protection. Since Rio, concern for the environment has (rightly) continued to grow. However, the tendency toward concern for human rather than environmental rights within the sustainable agenda (i.e., a growing concern for the intra- (as opposed to inter-) generational equality) has continued as it is acknowledge that we cannot ignore the deprived today in trying to prevent deprivation in the future (Anand and Sen, 2000: 2030). Many of the alternate definitions of SD have tried, with varying degrees, of success, to resolve the seemingly contradictory notion inherent to SD development frequently involved capitalist or industrial development, and thus the reference to sustainability is certainly then undermined by the paradox of what this type of development means for the environment (Redclift, 1987). Conventional wisdom holds that Southern nations are too preoccupied with economic survival to worry about environmental quality (Dunlap: 1994: 115), something that was, to some extent, reflected in the Rio conference. Governments of developing countries wanted to discuss the idea of development, and the governments of richer countries that of sustainability (to the neglect of development) (Dunlap: 1994: 115). Though economic development need not be unequivocally associated with environmental degradation it must also be recognised that nations (or perhaps more importantly, people within nations) will rightly put more focus on sustaining peoples well-being than the environments. In short, though some government policies in the developing world may be viewed as inconclusive because they fall short of protecting natural resources, such seemingly irrational policies may reflect economic necessity in countries that have little choice but to perpetuate practices that contribute to environme ntal degradation in the absence of alternate sources of income (Bryant and Bailey, 1997: 59). This view of environmental protection versus human rights was pertinent at the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development (or Rio + 10), held in Johannesburg in 1992. In the run-up to the summit African leaders made it clear that they expected to talk about jobs, not birds (The Economist, 2002b). The Economist stated that without concrete or pragmatic action to fight poverty, fine words on greenery, global warming or fish stocks will come to naught (The Economist, 2002b). In other words, sustaining deprivation cannot be our goal (Anand and Sen, 2000: 2030), and whilst surely the conditions for most of the worlds poor can be sustained, the issue is that they should not be (Marcuse, 1998: 106). SD is often received with hostility in LDCs where it is seen as an attempt to challenge the developing worlds elemental right to develop: after all, grinding poverty, it turns out, is pretty sustainable (The Economist, 2002b). The achievement of environmental protection and respect for human rights can only be reached if we do not succumb to the notion that they are mutually exclusive. Human life, and human rights, cannot exist without a relatively healthy environment, and the environment cannot be protected without the acceptance and protection of basic human rights. Though aspects of each may at times need to be sacrificed for progress in the other, it remains vital to navigate the obstacles and move towards a sustainable world. Bibliography Anand, S. and Sen, A. (2000) Human Development and Economic Sustainability, World Development, 28 (12), 2029-2049.Barrow, C. J. (1995) Sustainable Development: Concept, Value and Practice, Third World Planning Review, 17(4), 369-386.Bryant, R. L. and Bailey, S. (1997) Third World Political Ecology, London: Routledge.Dunlap, R. (1994) International Attitudes Towards Environment and Development, in Helge Ole Bergensen and Georg Parmann (eds.), Green Globe Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press), 115-126.Marcuse, P. (1998) Sustainability is not enough, Environment and Urbanization, 10(2), 103-111.Redclift, M. (1987) Sustainability: life chances and livelihood, London: Routledge.Shelton, D. (2002) Human Rights and Environment Issues in Multilateral Treaties Adopted between 1991 and 2001, background paper for the Joint UNEP-OHCHR Expert Seminar on Human Rights and the Environment, Geneva, 14-16 January 2002.The E conomist (2002) The Johannesburg Summit: Sustaining the poors development, 29 August 2002.The Economist (2002b) Africa expects to talk about jobs, not birds, 22 August 2002.WCED (1987) Our Common Future, The Brundtland Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press. State Of Nature: Hobbes And Locke State Of Nature: Hobbes And Locke Thomas Hobbes and John Locke applied fundamentally similar methodologies and presuppositions to create justifications for statehood; both have a belief in a universal natural law made known to man through the exercise of reason, which leads to political theories that define the rise of states. From beginning to end, Hobbes and Locke struggle to answer the essential question: Can sovereignty be divided? Though the two authors answer this question by going through the same processes, they begin with distinct notions of the state of nature, thereby reaching divergent conclusions: two nuanced versions of the social contract. For Hobbes, sovereignty is absolutist and governance can only succeed if power is concentrated in a monarch. On the other hand, Locke envisions a radically different structure for government, with a strict division between legislative and executive forces. At a glance, it is difficult to determine which author better answers the question of sovereignty, but by compar ing the warrants beneath their claims, one comes to discover that Locke is correct. Indeed, sovereignty must be divided. To start, one must analyze the model of undivided sovereignty. Hobbess argument for the state is that at some point, constituents of society made a contract amongst themselves to surrender most of their natural right up to a single man, the monarch, establishing a sovereign power in their newly formed commonwealth (Hobbes 110). By permutation, children must obey the sovereign because they are subject to their parents by the natural law, meaning subjection to the sovereign power passes on from one generation to the next (Hobbes 127-35). What constitutes a commonwealth is a group of individuals and their progeny, who are all subject to the sovereign power. This, however, begs the question of exactly what constitutes the sovereign power, since natural right can be forfeited in both different ways and in varying degrees. Hobbes provides two answers to this question, the latter directly expanding upon the former. The first is that Hobbes defines, albeit vaguely, that sovereignty is an entity bearing the person (Hobbes 105-110) of those subject thereto. Second, he argues in a more concrete manner, that sovereignty is the extensive set of powers to make laws, reward and punish subjects arbitrarily, choose counselors and ministers, establish and enforce class distinctions, judge controversies, wage war and make peace, and so on (Hobbes 113-15). Hobbes claims that by giving up their person to the sovereign, subjects forfeit the right to make moral judgments because every act of the sovereign is ostensibly performed by the subjects. The monarch becomes the sole, absolute judge of whatsoever he shall think necessary to be done, both beforehandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and, when peace and security are lost, for the recovery of the same and what opinions and doctrines are averse, and what conducing, to peace (Hobbes 113 ). In other words, citizens may never criticize the sovereign, since subjects surrender their very ability to judge whether the sovereign power is acting towards the goals for which they established it. This is a major contradiction in Hobbess theory, for it seems strange and inconsistent that men of the commonwealth are wise enough to establish a state for mutual benefit (Hobbes 106), but straightaway upon entering the social contract, lose the ability to accurately judge whether their condition is good or bad. Although there is such a clear inconsistency within the contract, Hobbes has a two-pronged defense ready. The first is in Chapter XVIII, where he asserts that once covenanted, men cannot lawfully make a new covenant amongst themselves to be obedient to any other, in any thing whatsoever, without permission from the sovereign (Hobbes 110-1). With the way that a Hobbesian social contract works, this claim makes perfect sense; if a covenant is formed by submitting ones person to the sovereign, men cannot form a new covenant independent of the sovereign because they have already given their single person-hood up. Following the person argument, Hobbes introduces the idea that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦because the right of bearing the person of them all is given to him they make sovereign by covenant only of one to anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Hobbes 111). The philosophers second defense then, is the fact that the sovereign is not party to the actual contract, which means that the monarch can never breach it, no matter the consequences. For Hobbes, the contract is the permanent transfer of person from a group of people to an external man, not a retractable agreement among a group of people to obey one of their party. The agreement, strangely, is only amongst the governed their agreement is to all equally forfeit their person and aligns with Hobbess notion that there must be an external, superior enforcer to contracts. Yet, it is unclear why social contracts should be irrevocable: in Hobbess own account of contracts (Hobbes 79-88), a contract is always renounceable if the parties involved agree so, meaning there should be nothing stopping subjects from uniformly nullifying the contract. Hobbes would respond that social contracts are unique, for the subjects have given up their right to make contracts (and therefore to break them) without the sovereigns permission within the terms. This, however, begs another question: why is the ability to make epistemological and moral judgments a necessary forfeiture to establishing the commonwealth? It doesnt seem logical that the right to break contracts must be a necessary forfeiture included within the person that one gives to the sovereign. After all, it falls under a set of negative-rights that requires a negative action (IE, a violation of the terms of contract) to occur before it can be used. Hobbes simply refuses to acknowledge the binary choice he creat es between civil war and good government is specious at best. The agreement to forfeit person is made equally amongst subjects to escape the state of nature, but even if the sovereign is not a part of the contract, the fact that a citizen doesnt receive the benefits termed within the contract ought to justify breaking the contract because other citizens may be receiving those benefits. If so, wouldnt it be just for a subject to break the contract, not with the sovereign, but with other subjects? Moving on from Hobbess derivation of sovereignty, one comes upon his formulation of sovereignty, the terms of his social contract. What is most shocking is that sovereignty is indivisible (Hobbes 115): the foundational elements of rule cannot be separated. All the powers of sovereignty must reside in the same body. A division of government, to Hobbes, would be redundant at best. From a theoretical point of view, when push comes to shove, a part of government, namely whichever has control of the army, will be revealed as the real holder of sovereign power precisely because it can seize control of the other powers. However, control of the army is nonexistent without the ability to fund it, so taxing and the coining of money is also essential. Imagine a scenario of rebellion or invasion in a divided government: an external force capable of protecting the taxing/treasury department would eventually rout the branch that controls the military. In order to ensure a stable government, then, it would be necessary to concentrate power at one locus using the example of the military any division would allow for opposing factions to gut one another, albeit indecisively. Combining the fact that sovereignty is indivisible with the fact that the social contract is made amongst subjects (that there is no bond between subjects and the sovereign), one arrives at Hobbess insistence that rebellion is never justifiable. Sovereignty is located in a person and not obedience to a person, so any repudiation of that obedience cannot dissolve the bond of sovereignty, for there is no bond to begin with. Nevertheless, this descriptive account of separating sovereign powers is not a normative claim that it ought not be done. This is perhaps Hobbess biggest mistake, for he believes that when, therefore, these two powers oppose one another, the commonwealth cannot but be in great danger of civil war and dissolution, for example, that the civil authorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and the spiritual inevitably clash if divided (Hobbes 216). That is, we ought not separate the two, for sovereignty is conceived of as something that one simply has, meaning several branches of government would constantly be in contest for possession of sovereignty. However, this is an excellent example of the is-ought fallacy, for Hobbes bases the fact that historically, a division of government has always resulted in a collapse to monarchy, and attempts to re-justify the existing norms. The fact that civil and spiritual authority have historically clashed does not mean that they cannot avoid conflict in the future. If so, then Hobbess reason that they ought be combined falls apart. In essence, his claim is not normative, but only descriptive. Locke begins his attack on Hobbess concept of sovereignty by advancing a different conception of the state of nature. For Hobbes, in the state of nature à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war (Hobbes 76), where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nothing can be unjust for where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice (Hobbes 78). It is in Chapter XIII that he famously notes that the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, a product of the condition of warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(in which case everyone is governed by his own reasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[where] man has a right to everything, even to one anothers body (Hobbes 80). It is from this anarchic view that Hobbes departs to create a theory of absolutist sovereignty. Individual rights, ironically, conflict to the point where there are no rights in the state of nature. To solve this proble m, Hobbess model forfeits person to an individual, because even two individuals two rulers with person will have conflicting rights claims. On the other hand, Locke paints a calmer picture of the state of nature, arguing that the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦teaches all mankindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions (Locke 9). Locke attack on Hobbess descriptive analysis of the state of nature is particularly damning because it has never occurred. Locke furthers that his notion of the state of nature is historical, that great societies began in the way that his theory described. He cites that the beginning of Rome and Venice were by the uniting of several free and independent of one another, amongst whom there was no natural superiority or subjection (Locke 54). This is because Locke believes that this moral nature has been instilled in humanity by an infinitely wise makerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sharing all in one community of nature, there cannot be supposed any such subordination (Locke 9). Unlike Hobb es, who believes there is no ethical frame for punishment during the state of nature, Locke argues that transgressing the law of nature means one declares himself to live by another rule than that of reason and common equity, which is that measure God has set to the actions of men (Locke 10). Locke believes that every man hath a right to punish the offender, and be executioner of the law of nature to criminals in the face of God. From a philosophically rigorous perspective, Lockes justifications are a copout to constructing a normative frame. But at a descriptive level, he may be correct: both Hobbes and Locke agree that it is through reason that mankind transcends the state of nature and enters a state of sovereignty. An elementary comparison of these two versions of the state of nature boils down to the fact that Hobbess interpretation is one that begins with a lack of reason and Lockes starts with reason programmed into mankind by a maker. Is it not possible that the Lockes state of nature simply follows Hobbess? Indeed, in Hobbess model, man must come upon reason prior to entering the social contract, meaning as a collective, they must eventually reach some form of Lockes state of nature. Whether God exists or not, a social consciousness must develop for both authors to successfully continue their theories. This returns us to the epistemological contradiction presented earlier in the fourth paragraph: why do men lose their ability to analyze the benefits of subjugation to a sovereign, if they needed to attain this level of rational deliberation to have accepted the social contract to begin with? It is because Hobbes ignores this concern, but Locke answers it (albeit with God, rather than a development of rationality, as I suggest), that Lockes interpretation of sovereignty is far more convincing. It is easiest to discuss Locke by making a series of modifications on Hobbess theory of sovereignty. Of course, the difference between the two theories is far more complicated, but in regards to the thesis, it is sufficient to identify three very closely-related, key differences. First, Locke dismisses Hobbess assertion (which I have showed to be contradictory multiple times) that subjects give up the right, in fact, the ability, to judge their sovereign when moving from the state of nature to sovereignty. Effectively, Locke makes the contract a two-way agreement instead of a one-way subjection, termed in his works as fiduciary power in Chapter XIII. Second, for Locke, ultimate sovereignty resides always in the people. One on hand, the supreme sovereign will always be God, but beneath his throne, men can delegate power to one another, but there will never be a permanent hierarchy of power. The supreme power of the legislature is amassed from a conditional grant by the people; every m an is bound by its laws, notwithstanding disagreement. By extension of this logic, Locke makes two foundational claims of his notion of sovereignty, which Hobbes does not adopt: one is that no part of the sovereign government will ever be above the law, the other is that power can be retracted from the government at any time, pending agreement of the people (these derivations are explored in detail in Chapters VIII and IX). The third and, perhaps most important, difference is that for Hobbes, sovereignty is a perpetual, indivisible power belonging to a particular individual. Indeed, this disagreement is the crux of this paper. For Locke, there are a variety of powers necessary for the protection of the public good, just as in Hobbes, but there is no need to unite them all in one body. Here Locke presents idea of the sovereignty of law itself: there is no need, that the legislative should be always in being, not having always business to do (Locke 76). The laws have a constant and lasting force, and need a perpetual execution that is provided by the executive power (Locke 76). While Hobbes agrees to the need of these aspects of sovereignty, he refuses to divide them. Locke, on the other hand, demonstrates that a division of labor can very feasibly exist, especially because he touches upon the idea of a natural power that pertains to other duties. Federative power, which relates to the power of war and pe ace, leagues and alliances, and all transactions (Locke 76), could easily be invested in entirely separate bodies from both the executive and legislative powers. The last question to answer, then, is whether the division of power is good. Luckily, Locke tackles this issue, arguing that the inconveniences of absolute power, which monarchy in succession was apt to lay claim to could never compete with balancing the power of government, by placing several parts of it in different hands for in doing so, citizens neither felt the oppression of tyrannical dominion, nor did the fashion of the age, nor their possessions, or way of livingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦give them any reason to apprehend or provide against it (Locke 57). For Locke sovereignty is the supreme power on loan from the people to the legislative to set laws that look after the public good by dividing duties amongst the executive and other governmental agencies. Power is easily, helpfully, and safely split up into different bodies: easily due to Lockes dismissal of Hobbess contradictory objection to doing so, helpfully because the division of labor allows for increased efficiency and greater pr oductivity, and safely because the division of powers acts as a set of checks and balances to protect the people from arbitrary abuse. Just as it seems that the question Can sovereignty be divided? is answered, a concession of sorts to Hobbes appears with the concept of prerogative, a powerful modification of the way Lockes theory functions in practice. Locke concedes in Chapter XIV that the natural generality of law makes it inapplicable to certain cases and unable to cover every eventuality. The executive is therefore invested with prerogative, the power to act according to discretion, for the public good, without the prescription of the law, and sometimes even against it (Locke 84). It is possible that Hobbes would see this as an admission that Lockes legislative theory is flawed, that the executive does indeed hold supreme power, as both creator and enforcer of laws. This, however, would be a serious misinterpretation. In many ways, Locke disagrees with Hobbes most sharply on this point. Lockes emphasis on the need of governance to provide for the public good is so strong that he argues any violation of the social contract, by the sovereignty, would be grounds for the dissolution of government. He notes that citizens will be willing to cope with the application of prerogative as long as it aligns with the public good, even if they recognize that there is no legal precedence for the actions. While Lockes discussion of prerogative initially appears to be a return to Hobbesian absolutism, it is their most essential disagreement. In Hobbess theory, prerogative is sovereign authority, with no external check. When the sovereigns prerogative fails to lead towards the public good, subjects have no recourse but simply accept things. For Locke, prerogative is a minor modification of the authority delegated from the people to the legislative and thence to the executive. It is not crucial to the existence of g overnment because should subjects find that the executives application of prerogative does not lead to the public good, they can simply retract authority from the sovereignty. When compared with the work of Thomas Hobbes, John Lockes social contract theory comprehensively proves that government can be separated into several branches. By comparing the steps in their methodologies, along with analyzing their different starting points, one arrives at the conclusion that Locke is right. As this paper progressed, it was revealed that Hobbes made two main objections to a divided sovereignty: first, his notion of the forfeiture of person and second, his negative view of human behavior in the state of nature. Hobbess latter objection was easily answered back by comparing Lockes interpretation of the state of nature and demonstrating that the standard of reason created a double bind for Hobbes. Either his state of nature transitioned into a Lockean state of nature, which would then progress to sovereignty, or, a jump must occur from a Hobbesian state of nature straight into absolute sovereignty, which creates a number of contradictions. The former objection was ans wered on multiple levels, ranging from the is-ought fallacy to Lockes strong defense of a system of sovereign checks-and-balances. By juxtaposing Hobbes and Lockes social contract theories, one can decisively conclude that sovereignty can be divided, not only to two branches, but to as many as necessary for the public good. The version of Leviathan cited in this work is the Edwin Curley edited edition. The version of Second Treatise is the same as the one noted on the syllabus.